Panic Attacks: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

D9 therapy provides counselling in Dublin for panic attacks from a broad range of different skilled practitioners. 

 

What exactly is a panic attack?

A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that peaks within minutes. It is often accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms that can be overwhelming. While panic attacks are not life-threatening, they can severely impact daily life, especially if they become frequent.

 

Symptoms of a Panic Attack

 

Panic attacks often occur unexpectedly, though they can be triggered by stress, certain situations, or even physical sensations. The symptoms include:

 

Physical Symptoms:

 

Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)

 

Shortness of breath or a feeling of being smothered

 

Chest pain or tightness

 

Dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness

 

Sweating, chills, or hot flashes

 

Nausea or stomach discomfort

 

Trembling or shaking

 

Numbness or tingling sensations

 

 

Psychological Symptoms:

 

Intense fear of losing control or "going crazy"

 

Fear of dying

 

Feeling detached from reality (derealization) or oneself (depersonalization)

 

Overwhelming sense of impending doom

 

 

Panic attacks can last anywhere from a few minutes to about 30 minutes, though some symptoms may persist longer.

 

 

Causes and Risk Factors

 

Panic attacks can occur due to a variety of factors, including:

 

Genetics – A family history of panic disorders increases risk.

 

Brain Chemistry – Dysregulation of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

 

Stress and Trauma – Major life stressors, PTSD, or past trauma.

 

Medical Conditions – Hyperthyroidism, heart disease, or respiratory issues can trigger attacks.

 

Substance Use – Caffeine, alcohol, and stimulants can provoke panic attacks.

 

Personality Factors – Highly anxious or perfectionist individuals may be more prone to panic attacks.

 

 

 

Therapeutic Approaches to Treating Panic Attacks

 

Several therapies are effective in treating panic attacks, ranging from cognitive approaches to pharmacological treatments.

 

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

 

CBT is the gold standard for treating panic attacks and panic disorder. It helps individuals change their thought patterns and behaviors related to anxiety.

 

Cognitive Restructuring – Identifying and challenging irrational fears.

 

Exposure Therapy – Gradual exposure to panic-inducing situations to reduce fear.

 

Interoceptive Exposure – Deliberately inducing panic-like symptoms (e.g., hyperventilation) to desensitize the patient.

 

Relaxation Techniques – Teaching controlled breathing and progressive muscle relaxation.

 

 

2. Medication

 

For severe cases, medication may be prescribed alongside therapy.

 

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) – e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine. These help regulate serotonin levels and reduce anxiety.

 

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) – e.g., venlafaxine, which can help manage panic symptoms.

 

Benzodiazepines – e.g., alprazolam, clonazepam. These provide quick relief but have a risk of dependence.

 

Beta-Blockers – e.g., propranolol, which can reduce physical symptoms like a racing heart.

 

 

3. Mindfulness-Based Approaches

 

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) – Teaches awareness of bodily sensations without reacting to them.

 

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) – Encourages accepting anxiety rather than avoiding it.

 

Meditation & Deep Breathing – Helps ground individuals during panic attacks.

 

 

4. Psychodynamic Therapy

 

This therapy explores underlying unconscious conflicts that may be contributing to panic attacks. It focuses on understanding emotional triggers and past experiences.

 

5. Exposure Therapy (for Phobia-Induced Panic)

 

For those whose panic attacks are triggered by phobias (e.g., agoraphobia), systematic exposure to feared situations can help reduce panic responses over time.

 

6. Lifestyle and Alternative Approaches

 

Exercise – Reduces overall anxiety and improves mood.

 

Dietary Changes – Limiting caffeine, sugar, and processed foods can stabilize mood.

 

Sleep Hygiene – Ensuring adequate rest can reduce vulnerability to panic attacks.

 

Herbal Supplements – Some find relief with valerian root, lavender, or ashwagandha, though scientific evidence varies.

 

 

Long-Term Outlook

 

With the right treatment, panic attacks can become manageable or even disappear entirely. Many people see improvement through a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Early intervention improves outcomes, and learning coping strategies can help individuals regain control over their lives.